There is logic behind selecting the chart. It's combination of what kind of data you have and the business requirements. Anyway this document is good starting point to understand different charts.
Selection of chart depends on the data, dimensions and count of dimensions and measures you wish to use in the charts. I think you have already gone through this sample dashboard if not check this
Data Visualization
It is the one of the best resource which explains when to use which chart. Hope it helps you.
There's no fixed rule for what chart is needed where, you have to bring your own mind to bear on the problem(s). There are a shedload of fantastic designers here - have a search for their blogs, etc.
The way we worked this is to put charts out there and allow a process for users to come back and make suggestions for changes. It worked well, particularly as we then gave users a sand pit and access to a developer to make some suggestions as to the changes they may want to make.
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